Process of ide and ata - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 833 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? IDE and ATA are the two names for one similar process, IDE stands for integrated drive electronics. The IDEs are developed during the (1980) to (1990) where ATA technologies are still in progress. But today we have hard driver with are standard storage capacity and advanced data, transfer techniques due to the improvement in ATA technologies. Using ATA(Advanced Technology Attachment). The ATA is further classified into three types. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Process of ide and ata" essay for you Create order SATA(serial ATA) PATA(parallel ATA) SATA II(advanced version of SATA 1). What is SATA? The serial ATA(serial advanced technology attachment ), or SATA computer bus is a storage interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage device such as hard disk drivers and optional drivers. It is a evolutionary replacement for parallel ATA. It is integrated into almost all modern consumer laptop, computers and desktop motherboards. The serial ATA was designed to replace older ATA standard also known as EIDE. EIDE (enhanced integrated drive electronic). The EIDEs are included most of the features of the forthcoming ATA-2 Specifications, and several additional enhancements. The SATA adapters were released in the public market between the last quarter of (2002) and the first quarter of (2003). SATA is able to use the same low level commands, but serial ATA host adapters and devices communicate via a high speed serial cable over two pairs of conductor . Serial ATA (SATA is used to transfer of data to and from a hard disk), it is successor to the legacy advanced technology attachment Standard SATA interface uses 7 pin cable for the data connection, and transmit the data serially rather than in parallel, in addition serial ATA should give user the ability to hot swap hard disk drives. This adds a capability that more expensive system such as SCSI and fibre channel has for a long time, through the future will tell how widely users exist that aspect of the technology. IDE and ATA are the Two names for one similar process, IDE stands for integrated drive electronics. The IDEs are developed during the (1980) to (1990) where ATA technologies are still in progress. But today we have hard driver with are standard storage capacity and advanced data, transfer techniques due to the improvement in ATA technologies. Pinning details of SATA: Pin function GND Ground A+ Transmit A- Transmit GND Ground B+ Receiver B- Receiver GND Ground Coding notch The serial ATA(SATA) bus is defined over two separate connectors, one connector for the data lines, and one for the power lines (SATA power Pin out). SATA signal names are with respect to the host. Transmit pins connect to receive pins on the other device. The SATA connector is keyed at pin 1.SATA uses a 4 conductor cable with two different pairs (transmitter/receiver), plus an additional 3 Ground pins and a separate power connector. SATA runs 150mbps, 300mbps (SATA II) or 600mbps transfer rates, faster SATA implementations are backward compatible with older devices. Serial ATA also reduces the signalling voltage from the 5 volts used in PATA down to 0.5 volts, which reduces power consumption electrical interference, due to serial transfer and lower power the maximum allowable length of SATA cables exceeds of ATA ribbon cables. SATAs longer and thinner cabling requirements without having to purchase new hard drivers. When looking at the hardware for serial connections, one can easily see the differences between it and parallel ATA, without the first introduction of Serial ATA, the maximum transfer rate is 150mbps/sec. This is supported to increase every 3 years with a maximum transfer of 300mb/sec in 2005 and 600mb/sec in 2008. Finally serial ATA doesnt require any changes to existing operating systems for implementation, serial ATA is 100% software compatibility and, with serial ATA adapters, some hardware doesnt have to immediately replace. Parameters serial ATA Maximum speed 150mb/s currently 300mb/s by 2005 and 600mb/s by 2008 Cable length 1 meter (about 40 inches) Cable pins 7 Power connector pins 15 Data transfer wires used 2 Power consumption 250 mv Hot swappable yes Throughput: The current SATA specifications detail data transfer rates as high as 6.0Gbs per device. SATA uses only 4 signal line cables are more compact and cheaper than PATA. SATA support hot swapping and NCQ. SATA 1.5 Gbit/s(first generation) SATA 3G bit/s(second generation) SATA II committee renamed SATA 10 SATA II product marketing. The current S What is PATA? Parallel ATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) is an interface standard for connection of storage devices like a (hard disk, CDROM, and solid state devices), and other devices in computer for well over decade. The original ATA was retroactively renamed parallel ATA, the standard used is basically AT attachment packet interface or ATAPI standard. Parallel ATA is to developed from IDE, from introduction of Serial ATA in (2003) the use of parallel ATA has declined in use since. PATA is still use in many personal computers but seems to be absolute in a few years. Parallel ATA only allows cable length up to 18 pin(460mm) because of this length limit the technology normally appear as an internal computer storage interface.

Still Alice. Living With An Insidious Cognitive Declining

Still Alice Living with an insidious cognitive declining illness, individuals diagnosed with early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease often fear losing their sense of self (Borrello et al. 2495). This theme is carried out in the film through the character of Alice, a 50 year old linguistics professor at Columbia University. The inevitable decline in memory, communication, and eventually independence strike those with the disease (Borrello et al. 2494), which will quickly affect not only themselves, but also relationships with others. In this essay, I will discuss the level of accuracy in the film, Still Alice, directed by Richard Glatzer and Wash Westmoreland, by analyzing its display of knowledge on neurological and psychological†¦show more content†¦155). There are many types of tests and approaches to cognitive assessments depending on the age of the person and symptoms currently experienced (Cordell et al. 147). These assessments are combined to ensure that there is a clear reason for concern, however, in the film, simply memory testing is done. During sessions with a neurologist, it is important if an informant, someone who has witnessed the change in cognition, is present during the diagnostic process (Cordell et al. 147). After informing Alice of this, she, alongside her husband, is tested through the repetition of sentences and ability to memorize a name and address. Alice’s neurologist merely tests her memory, while excluding other important examinable areas. If the cognitive assessments cause further concerns, a full dementia evaluation is conducted (Cordell et al. 147). Subsequently, the full evaluation process that takes place also varies among individuals of different ages and their symptoms experienced (Shimada 47). In the cases of younger onset cognitive impairment with quick progression, an MRI scan and bloodwork are done (Lee et al. 155). From clear MRI scans and blood tests, potential reasonings for Alice’s symptoms, for example brain tumours, can be ruled out. As Alice’s cognitive decline continues, the next step is a PET scan to observe the brain at a molecular level in determining the amyloid levels in the

Risk and Safety in Rail for Physical Health - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theRisk and Safety in Rail for Physical Health. Answer: Introduction: Risk can be described as the uncertainty of divergence from the anticipated outcomes. It is related with potential loss or gain of different values like physical health, social or financial status, emotional health or others. This uncertainty cannot be predicted or controlled. The actions taken based on this uncertainty are risks (Mara, Massimo Giuliano, 2014). Safety is the condition which defines the protection from harmful events. It is also related with the uncertain outcomes of anything. Risk can be brought down to an acceptable level by controlling the factors of known dangers. Risk and safety, both the words are very much connected to each other. Freedom from risk is achieved by safety. Risk consideration is must if one wants to achieve safety. The external and internal vulnerabilities caused by risk can be diminished by safety practices (Mller, 2012). Every working system now-a-days have the safety and security protocols in order to avoid every kind of risks. The topic discussed here is the safety and risk management in train systems (Glendon, Clarke McKenna, 2016). The purpose of this study is to investigate a train accident and find evidences related to safety breaches and risks. An assessment is made on safety and risk management to help this report. Safety and Risk Management: Both the terms are correlated with each other. Assessment of risk of any process generates the measurement of uncertainty where deviations can occur. The area of analysis of risk is very large as each and every factor associated with life can be subjected to risk assessment (Hale Borys, 2013). Management of the overall system that counters the risk factors by defining policies and objectives that ultimately results in safety and security is called safety management (Leveson, 2015). Safety management is associated with a vast range of initiatives, objectives, responsibilities, procedures and resources that help in maintaining the values of a system. Safety policies can be determined on the aspects of human life, technology, organizational matters, community, environment and other major aspects (Jafarian Rezvani, 2012). Advantages of risk management incorporates the economic efficiency, reduce the amount of accidents and incidents, more liable decision making process with decision in each phase and some others (Glendon, Clarke McKenna, 2016). Investigation of Events: Certain events are caused due to high risk factors and safety breaches. To find out the cause an event needs to be investigated properly. This investigation is a fact analysis process based on the collectible data, which develops a report with certain recommendation. This identifies the errors in the system and recommends areas for improvement (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). An accident is very integrated event with risk and safety management. Applying several methods and techniques an accident can be investigated to find out the safety breaches those have caused it. Accident Analysis Models: Accident is mainly caused by the combination of human and technical failures (Mller, 2012). To draw out the failures and predict safety measures to eliminate those, the analysis can be done using different models like Sequential accident models, epidemiological accident models and systematic accident models. Risk and Safety Management in Rail System: Analysis of rail management is a combine application of screening and assessing tools. The methods of analysis should be documented properly. Prediction of accidents is a result of data and fatality rate which is calculated using deaths per annum. Fatality rate is a measure for the death of people per 100 million submission hour (Leveson, 2015). There are two scales of risks those are upper bound and lower bound. Upper bound level is the maximum limit of risk toleration. According to Australian standards for rail management 1 rail personnel in 1,000 and 1 passenger in 10,000 is the upper bound for deaths per annum. Main causes behind railroad accidents are technological failures, derailments, human errors, track problems, obstructed railroads for immobile cars, diverted pedestrians and suicides (Liu et al., 2015). Technological failures are associated with mechanical collapses like low quality design and maintenance, unchecked damages and fire breakouts and engineering faults like bridge, tunnel and track faults (Jafarian Rezvani, 2012). Another major error is human error. This can be classified into drivers, signalmen and pedestrians errors. Passing signals with excessive speed, irregular checking of brakes and safety systems, not stopping at required location and fumbling of the engine are the errors performed by a driver (Hammerl Vanderhaegen, 2012). Signalmens error is generally mishandling the signalling operations and misuse of equipments. The main error of pedestrian is the unawareness of surroundings. Diverted movement of pedestrians and other vehicle not only cause delay in train sch edule but cause accidents. Sometimes obstruction is caused by nature. For example- avalanches, landslides and floods sometimes block the track, foggy weather causes problems to follow the signals or the track. There are different safety protocols which can minimize the risks (Hale Borys, 2013). Train employees are the functional body of a rail system. Their duty hours should contain a minimum gap of 10 hours to ensure their effectiveness. Use of electronic devices affects the concentration of an employee and it is a major reason for accidents. Generally employees like locomotive engineers and others are restricted from using electronic devices while running the train, assisting in movement operation and switching operation or rolling equipments (Mara, Massimo Giuliano, 2014). Railway track maintenance should be performed repetitively within short intervals as railway tracks are affected by seasonal weather change. Different seasonal plans should be incorporated to the maintenance like cleaning of snow and debris during winter and cleaning glasses during spring. Railcars should be examined properly and daily. Hand brakes and air brakes should be checked before any journey (Hammerl Vander haegen, 2012). Any problems with hand wheel, chain or lever should be solved right away. Application of the brakes should be done accurately. The doors should be checked for smooth opening and closing purposes. Wheel contamination and other leaks in the system should be reported immediately. Employees should be trained appropriately in application of signals and flags, in using of different equipments and in controlling the train properly (Raspotnig Opdahl, 2013). Another safety measure is railway clearance, which ensures the safety of people and equipment from rail. Vertical clearance in calculated from the top of the rail, lateral clearance is calculated from the middle of the track and restricted clearance is estimated from a given limit. Rail Accident in Granville: An example of a terrible rail accident is the one occurred at Granville, Australia. On 18th January, 1877 a well-crowded, passenger train had derailed resulting in death of 83 civilians and injury of approximately 213 others ("Granville: The rail disaster that changed Australia - BBC News", 2017). The train derailed at the curve at Granville, moving at a speed of 80 km/hr and collided with the supports of Bold Street bridge situated just above the track. The derailed engine and first two carriages broke free and eight passengers were killed during the collision of the first carriage with the bridge. The remaining carriages stopped after the first collision of the train with the support of the bridge, however the supportive mast fell down within a few moments on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th carriage instantly killing a lot of people. Leaking of gas was creating more problems for the passengers inside and causing a delay in rescue process restricting the use of power tools. Reasons of Granville Accident: Granville rail accident is one of the worst rail disasters in history of Australia. The accident had showed a vast amount of deficiency in risk and safety management of New South Wales railway maintenance division. An investigation had been launched by the chief judge of NSW District Court in February, which had revealed the causes behind this accident. The main reason for this derailment was the poor and undesirable condition of the railway track (Pritchard PMP, 2014). The alignment of the track was not accurate and the width the track was more than a gauge. This had caused the front left wheel of the locomotive to drop inside the track. It was an example of poor inspection procedure and lack of track maintenance. The maximum speed limit had not been showed properly. There was no prevention for leaking of gas, which had caused severe damages. The carriages were not fit for emergency operations. Another cause was the bridge structure, as it was on metre lower than the connecting roa d and to adjust the level concrete had been used on the top of the bridge. Thus excessive weight of the bridge had crushed the train instantly ("Granville: The rail disaster that changed Australia - BBC News", 2017). The turnover of the accident into a big disaster had proved the absence of disaster management system. Absence of psychological support to the emergency workers resulted in depression and anxiety within the emergency work employees (Liu et al., 2015). Lot of lessons had been learned by the government form this accident. A big raise in the rail budget was the primary effect. The defects in the track were repaired immediately (Raspotnig Opdahl, 2013). Inspection procedures had been remodelled and number of staffs for track inspection had been increased. Recommendations for a disaster management plan had been approved and applied methodically. The government planned to apologise to the families of the victims. Conclusion: Therefore, from the above discussion, it is deduced that risk and safety are two major ideas linked with social life. These ideas can be effectively developed from the viewpoints of a student. Risk explains the uncertainties of different aspects and safety shows methods to eliminate them. Accidents are general results of high level risks. During the hectic schedule of daily life, many uncertain factors arise uncontrollably. It is very important to prepare safety measures to diminish the effects. Railroad accidents are often occurred due to negligence or unchecked faults, which results in death of people. The primary focus of any system as big as rail should be to develop safety policies, train the employees accordingly and make people aware. References: Glendon, A. I., Clarke, S., McKenna, E. (2016).Human safety and risk management. Crc Press. Granville: The rail disaster that changed Australia - BBC News. (2017).BBC News. Retrieved 6 September 2017, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-38645976 Hale, A., Borys, D. (2013). Working to rule or working safely? Part 2: The management of safety rules and procedures.Safety science,55, 222-231. Hammerl, M., Vanderhaegen, F. (2012). Human factors in the railway system safety analysis process.Rail Human Factors Around the World: Impacts on and of People for Successful Rail Operations, Taylor Francis, 73-84. Jafarian, E., Rezvani, M. A. (2012). Application of fuzzy fault tree analysis for evaluation of railway safety risks: an evaluation of root causes for passenger train derailment.Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit,226(1), 14-25. Leveson, N. (2015). A systems approach to risk management through leading safety indicators.Reliability Engineering System Safety,136, 17-34. Liu, P., Yang, L., Gao, Z., Li, S., Gao, Y. (2015). Fault tree analysis combined with quantitative analysis for high-speed railway accidents.Safety science,79, 344-357. Mara, L., Massimo, G., Giuliano, R. (2014). The Management of Uncertainty: model for evaluation of human error probability in railway system.American journal of applied sciences,11(3), 381. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Mller, N. (2012). The concepts of risk and safety. InHandbook of risk theory(pp. 55-85). Springer Netherlands. Pritchard, C. L., PMP, P. R. (2014).Risk management: concepts and guidance. CRC Press. Raspotnig, C., Opdahl, A. (2013). Comparing risk identification techniques for safety and security requirements.Journal of Systems and Software,86(4), 1124-1151.

The History of Baseball Essay Example For Students

The History of Baseball Essay Steven WolfertCore:1Now a thriving industry,baseball has come very far from it bad beggining. Today all around the world proffesional and non-proffesional players play baseball,or a similar version of bat and ball games.There have been many versions of bat and ball games played such as baseball,lapa(Russia),rounders,(England)cricket,and town ball(Germany). In the early 1800s people made the first pair of rules for Round ball,these rules were that each team pitched to themselves, bases were run in a clockwise direction and players could be out by swinging and missing three pitched balls or by being hit with the ball while moving between bases.According to 19century baseball. We will write a custom essay on The History of Baseball specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now com,Alexander J. Cartwright is known as the father of baseball,because he trained a team called the knickerbonckers. Cartwright wrote twenty rules, which were published and known as the 20 Original Rules of Baseball. The first recorded game played under the Knickerbocker Rules, and took place on June 19, 1846, when the Knickerbockers lost to the N. Y Baseball Club,23?1 in four innings.This also became known as the first ever recorded baseball game. In 1860 a Foul Ball Post was to be placed 100 feet from both third and first base in line with home base. The post was used to help the judge decide whether a batted ball landed in fair or foul ground. Player Henry Chadwick suggested that the correct size of the bases should be 17 inches by 14 inches. It is not known if bases these dimensions were ever used. The oldest bat and ball games were played in Egypt around 2000 years ago.